Interface metaphors in Industry 4.0 and their relationship with business competitiveness: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Industry 4.0 has increased the complexity of digital systems, making effective human–technology interaction essential for business performance. In this context, interface metaphors facilitate users’ understanding and interaction with Industry 4.0 technologies. This study analyzes the relationship between interface metaphors in Industry 4.0 environments and business competitiveness through a systematic literature review. Relevant studies were identified and analyzed using established review protocols and academic databases. The results indicate that interface metaphors are mainly applied in human–machine interfaces, data visualization, cyber-physical systems, and digital twins, contributing to improved usability, efficiency and decision-making. These improvements positively influence business competitiveness by enhancing productivity and operational performance. The review also identifies research gaps related to the empirical assessment of interface metaphors and their direct impact on competitive outcomes.